Color television system



Dec. 27, 1949 G. VALENSI COLOR TELEVISION SYSTEM 15 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed Oct. 5, 1945 m m? Ks wno 3w mmnu ems m% 26 Dec. 217, 3949 #3. VALENSI 2,492,926

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COLOR TELEVISION SYSTEM Filed 001;. 5 1945 15 Sheets-Sheet 7 Dee. 27, 1949 e. VALENSI COLOR TELEVISION SYSTEM 15 Sheets-Sheet 8 Filed Oct. 5, 1945 Blue-green o VlblcL- purpb Mean purple Red purple J52 z/ewfora Dec. 27, 1949 G. VALENSI v F COLOR TELEVISION SYSTEM Filed Oct. 5, 1945.

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COLOR TELEVISION SYSTEM Filed Oct. 5, 1945 I 15 Sheets-Sheet 12 2; R4. :Lh

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COLOR TELEVI S ION SYS TEM Filed Oct. 5, 1945. 15 Sheets-Sheet 1.5

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UNITED STATES T OFFICE Application October 5, 1945, Serial No. 620,566 In France March .6, 1942 Section 1, Public Law 690, August 8, 1946 Patent expires March 6, 1962 14 Claims.

The present invention relates to color television systems of the kind described in my U. S. Patent No. 2,375,966, according to which every elemental area of the picture scanned at a given instant has its color transmitted through a single coded signal, which implies the use of a coding device at the transmitting end and a decoding device at the receiving end.

A chief object of the present invention consists in providing improvements in such television systems, especially concerning the coding and decoding devices thereof.

Other objects of my invention will result from the following detailed description of some specific embodiments thereof, with reference to the accompanying drawings, given merely by way of example, and in which:

Figs. 1 to 4 are diagrams giving colorimetric data;

Fig. 5 shows a screen for use in connection with a television system according to the invention;

Fig. 6 is a diagrammatical View of a color television system transmitting station made according to an embodiment of my invention;

Fig. 7 is a diagrammatical view of a corresponding receiving station;

Figs. 8 and 8a are diagrams;

9 is a diagrammatic explanatory View;

Figs. 10 and 11 are diagrams;

Figs. 12 to 16 inclusive are diagrammatical views of live different coding or decoding devices to be used in television systems according to my invention;

Fig. 17 is a diagrammatical view of a modification of the transmitter of Fig. 6;

Fig. 17a shows the anode arrangement of the device of Fig. 17;

Fig. 17b is a diagram;

Figs. 18, 18a, 18b and 19 are also diagrams;

Fig. 20 is a diagrammatical View of still another color television transmitter according to the invention;

Fig. 2011 shows two corresponding diagrams;

Fig. 2011 shows a coding device corresponding to a modification of Fig. 20;

Figs. 20c, 20d and 20a are detail views;

Fig. 21 shows a receiver corresponding to the transmitter of Fig. 20;

Fig. 21a. shows a corresponding diagram;

Fig. 21b is a diagrammatical view of a modifircation of the receiver of Fig. 21;

Fig. 22 is a diagram illustrating the principle of another form of my invention;

Fig. 220', shows a corresponding grid;

Fig. 23 is a diagrammatical view of a transmitter made according to the principle illustrated by Fig. 22;

Fig. 23a shows a modification;

Fig. 24 is a view of a color television receiver including a single oscillograph, according to the invention; 7

Figs. 24a and 241) are detail views corresponding to Fig. 24.

In my U. S. Patent No. 2,375,966, of May 15, 1945, and especially with referenc to Figs. 11 and 13 of the drawings of this patent, I have described a color television system based upon the use of Maxwells triangle of colors.

A first object of my invention is to provide improvements in such systems.

According to my invention, instead of making use of an equilateral Maxwells triangle and trichromatic coordinates respectively plotted along the sides of this equilateral triangle, I make use of a right-angled triangle and rectangular coordinates. This makes it possible to utilize, at the transmitting station, as cathode .ray oscillograph provided with a fluorescent screen (in front of which is disposed a screen carrying a rightangled Maxwells triangle the various parts of which are more or less transparent according to the code that is adopted) an oscillograph of the conventional kind the cathode rays beam of which is deviated, in two directions at .right angles to each other, by suitable magnetic or electric fields.

On the other hand, instead of utilizing, at the transmitting station, three distinct iconoscopes, I make use of a triple iconoscope I in combination with colored screens EX, Ey, EZ of suitable colors corresponding respectively to the three photosensitive mosaics MX, M Mz of this triple iconoscope (see Fig. 6-).

This triple ioonoscope directly produces electrical voltates proportional to quantities 'zeinxn, Beings and zeinen, in which 6M1 designates the proportion of energy transported during every second in the form of a monochromatic radiation of wave length )m by the colored flux transmitted by the element of the televisioned obj e ct that is considered, and in which GmEn and Zn are thev the monochromatic radiation x, quantity ZeAnyn is equal to the luminous flux, that is to say corresponds to the sensation of luminosity or brightness produced on the average human eye by the element of the televisioned object that is considered.

Furthermore, according to this embodiment of my invention, I make use, at the transmitting station, of a variable slope tube device inserted between the triple iconoscope I and the means for deflecting the cathode rays beam of oscillograph 0. Owing to the provision of this device, the point where the cathode rays beam impinges upon the fluorescent screen of oscillograph o is always perfectly well positioned with respect to the Maxwells triangle of screen e, whatever be the brightness of the element of the televisioned object that is considered.

Finally, at the receiving station, instead of making use of four cathode ray oscillographs, provided with a white, blue, yellow and red screen, respectively, as described in my prior U. S. patent above referred to, I utilize, according to the present invention, a quadruple cathode ray oscillograph with a white fluorescent screen in front of which are placed colored screens and juxtaposed lenses which superpose on the projection screen the various images (to wit, the white, blue, yellow and red images) of the televisioned object. With this quadruple cathode ray oscillograph is combined a control organ C which plays the part of quadruple cathode ray switch means directly supplying the modulating voltages for the white, blue, yellow and red components (see Fig. 7).

Fig. 1 shows the Maxwell colorimetric diagram in rectangular coordinates in the form recommended by the International Illumination Commission. Point E corresponds to the spectrum of equal energy (conventional white). The various points of the curve represent the saturated simple colors (monochromatic radiations the wave lengths of which are indicated in microns). Numbers 03, y and 2, called distribution coefficients for the excitations of the same energy and the variations of which as a function of wave length are shown by the curves of Fig. 2 directly give the trichromatic coefficients X, Y and Z and therefore the coordinates :r=-X and y=Y of the point representing the monochromatic radiation the wave length of which is indicated opposite. Finally, on Fig. 1, line VB is the purple line, all the points located inside triangle EVR representing more or less saturated purple colors. The dotted lines separate from one another the sectors corresponding to the chief colors that the normal human eye can differentiate from one another.

Fig. 3 represents the lines of equal factor of colorimetric purity 12, and Fig. 4 indicates a geometrical construction for obtaining a point M of one of the curves of Fig. 3. The factor of colorimetric purity 12 is a fraction having as its numerator the luminosity or brightness of the monochromatic radiation of wave length Ad that must be added to a white radiation (spectrum of equal energy) for reproducing the aspect of a given colored radiation the predominating element of which is a radiation of wave length M, and having as its denominator the total luminosity or brightness of this colored radiation. This factor 11 of colorimetric purity is different from the degree of saturation s, which is also sometimes called factor of purity of excitation.

It has the advantage, over this degree of saturation s, of being independent of the reference system that is used for the graphical representation of colors.

The factor 12 of colorimetric purity of the color represented by point M in Maxwell's triangle (Fig. 4) is equal to SS MM EE MM' SSEE' in which MM is the second trichromatic coeflicient Y relative to the color represented by point M; EE' is equal to 0.333 (ordinate of point E which represents conventional white) and SS is the second trichromatic coefiicient Yd relative to the predominating monochromatic radiation (or relative to the saturated purple of the same shade). The predominating radiation is given by the point S of intersection of the curve of simple colors with straight line EM, in the case of a color other than a purple. The saturated purple of the same shade is given by the intersection of the purple line with line EM, in the case of a purple color.

Fig. 4 shows that a point M of predominating radiation Ad and the factor of colorimetric purity of which is p can be obtained through the following geometric construction: The straight line passing through points E (conventional white) and S (monochromatic radiation of wave length )ui) intersects at R the axis of abscissas of the colorimetric diagram. On straight lines perpendicular to the axis of abscissas at points R and E are plotted distances RR1=RS and E'Si-E'S. On ESi I determine a point m such that:

E Sl= (value of the colorimetric purity factor) Straight line RIM intersects the axis of abscissas at M and the parallel MM to the axis of ordinates intersects straight line RES at the point M to be found.

This results from the following calculations:

On the one hand:

An element of the televisioned colored object is perfectl well determined if the following factors are given, to wit: (a) its brightness, EBAnZlxfi (12) its predominating wave length, id; and (0) its colorimetric purity factor p.

Fig. 5, deduced from Figs. 1 and .3 shows a screen e (white, grey and black) called graduated transparency screen. It includes 38 porficiently similar for being considered as prac- 1 tically identical for commercial television purposes. An electric signal of an intensitypropor tional to the number of a screen portion therefore characterises in a sufilciently precise manner the colored aspect (predominating radiation and purity) for the standard observer of the Internal Illumination Commission (that is to say for the normal human eye) of the element of the televisioned object that is considered at the time of transmission, that is tosay under the conditions. of illuminationof the studio (or landscape). Therefore, the purpose, in the present case, is not to characterizethe color of an elementof an object, and the objections sometimes made to Maxwells colorimetric diagram, in particular due to. Purkinges phenomenon, have no bearing on the color television system according to my invention.

Fig. 6 diagrammatically showsan embodiment of a color television transmitter according to my invention. The televisioned objectisOb; Q is an objective, 52' a collecting lens, wx, wy, wz three objectives juxtaposed in the same plane and respectively associated with three transparent colored screen Ex, Ey, Ez and with the three photosensitive mosaics Mx, My, Mz of the triple inconoscope I, which, is supposed tov be seen in projection on a horizontal plane. o is optically conjugated with Ob with respectto Q. The plane of wx, wy, (02 is opticalyl conjugated with o with respect to 9'. Finally, the plane of mosaics Mx, My, M2 is optically conjugated with Q with respect to plane wx, wy, wz. Therefore, I obtain on mosaics MX, My, Mz three images of object Ob having the same point of view. These three images are synchronously scanned by three cathode rays beams respectively issued from cathodes Ix, l Iz, for the three cathode rays beams are simultaneously deviated by the magnetic fields produced bycoils be and, bh fed; from the synchronization current generator 81 coil bv producing the vertical sweeping and coil on the horizontal sweeping of the mosaics). Vertical nnmagnetic metal partitionsc, c prevent any interaction (through mutual repulsion. of electrons) between these three cathode rays beams. As these partitions are made of non-magnetic metal, they do not perturb the magnetic fields of coils be and bh.

The law of variation of the transparency can of colored screen Ex as a function of the wave length As and the law of variation of the photoelectric sensitivity ans of the corresponding mosaic MX as a function of An must be so interrelated that the electric voltage collected across the terminals of the output resistance Rx, connected with collecting plate Cx, is proportional to zelmlfn, @An being the proportion of energy transported per second in the form of monochromatic radiation of wave length An by the colored flux transmitted by the element of the televisioned object that is scanned at. this, time. Therefore, for every value of An, I must have-oxn zcn=mn. In view of the shape of the curve giving'the-varia six time of 25 as a function ofthe-wave length (see Fig. 2), this result is obtainedby making use, for instance, for constituting photosensitive mosaic Mx, particles of cesium oxide CS0, and for screen Ex a purple colored" filter elimination green-blue and green radiations.

In a likewise manner, the law: of variation of the transparency 51in of colored screen Ey as a function of wave length )m and thelawof variation of thephoto-electric sensitivity yn of mosaic- My as a function of )m must be so interrelated that the electric voltage collectedacross the terminals of resistance Ry is proportional tozelmyn. In view o the shape of the curve that represents y as a function of the wave length, as shown by Fig. 2 (it is also the curve of visibility for the normal human eye), this resultis obtained by employing for instance, for constituting the photosensitive mosaic My, particles. of cesium-rubidium on silver and for screen E y a suitable colored screen (for instance a. tank having glass walls and containing a solution, of,

red copper chloride CuClz, of green cobalt and ammonium double sulfate SO4CO.SO4(NH4)2, and of violet potassium chrom-ate (CrzOqKz).

Finally, the law of variation of the trans,- parency ten of colored screen Ez as: a function of the wave length M1 andthe law of variation. of the photo-electric sensitivity {1211 of mosaic Mz as a function of in must be so interrelated that the,

electric voltage collected across the terminals of resistance Rz is proportional to Semen. In view of the shape of the curve that represents a as a function of the wave length (Fig. 2) this result is obtained .by making use for instance, for constituting photosensitive mosaic Mz, of particles ofpotassiurn hydride, and for Ez of .a suitable blue filter.

The voltages collected across the terminals of resistances Rx, Ry, R2 are amplified by tubes LX, Ly, Lz so as to obtain, across the terminals of the output resistances R'X, R'y, Rz, voltages proportional'to ZCAniIIn, EeAnyn and Beanies, respectively.

The voltage across the terminals of resistance, Ry is amplified by an amplifier ay the gain of which is adjusted in such manner as to obtain, at, the output thereof, a voltage t=2e myn which.

represents the luminosity or brightness of the element of the televisioned object that is considered This voltage t is applied (same as the synchronization signals 7' issued from the synchronization current generator sy) to a first modulator Mt, also connected to the master oscillator Os. Band-pass filter Fbi separates, among the products of modulation, the lower side band of modulation which, after amplification by power amplifier A and after passage through antenna AE, serves to transmit the ordinary television signals (in black and white) including the synchroniaation signals.

On the other hand, the voltages collected across the terminals of resistances Rx, R' Rz are added together in tube L (pH/+2) and I obtain, across the terminals of resistance R. (a:+y+z) at the-output of this tube, a voltage proportional to (EGMIJfn-I-EGknQn-l-EknZn)'. This last voltage serves to bias the control grids of variable slope tubes la: and Zy, these grids being, on the other tional to zeinzr n aIIdLZGAni I n. I therefore obtain,

in coils bar and, 7131,, connected; respectively to;- thee 7,. plates of tubes Zr and Zy, currents, the intensities of which are proportional to for instance an electron multiplier, as shown by Fig. 6. The electric voltage T obtained across the terminals of the output resistance of photoelectric cell ph characterises both the predominating Wave length and the factor of colorimetric purity corresponding to the color of the element of the televisioned object that is considered. This voltage T is applied to a second modulator MT connected to master oscillator Os. The band-pass voltage Fbs separates among the modulation products the upper side band of modulation which, after amplification in power amplifier A, and after passage through antenna AE, serves to transmit the color.

I first adjust the gains of amplifiers axe and ay by means of gauges of known color and luminosity so that the points representing these adjustment colors are suitably positioned on the Maxwells triangle of the coding screen with respect to the origin P of coordinates (Fig. When this adjustment has been effected, the scenes to be transmitted are recorded, and owing to the variable slope tubes Zac and ly the luminous spot on fluorescent screen fl is always given the correct position corresponding to the color of each element of the televisioned object, whatever the brightness of this element. I may also, by means of direct electric voltages supplied by independent batteries, apply a suitable bias on the control grids of tubes Z1: and ly in such manner that, when any color is transmitted, that is to say when T is equal to zero, the luminous spot on the fluorescent screen fl is located on point E (conventional white) of the graduated transparent screen e instead of being on point P.

The use of two distinct signals utilizing the two side bands of modulation of the same carrier wave and respectively transporting, one the brightness and synchronization signals, and the other the color (predominating wave length and factor of colorimetric purity), has the advantage of permitting the utilization of either ordinary receivers capable of giving only white and black images, or of more expensive receivers capable of giving colored images of a more agreeable appearance. It also permits of inserting black and white texts between two transmissions of colored images, since it is possible, by acting on rheostat Th connected to control grid a of cathode ray oscillograph 0 (Fig. 6) to eliminate all the colored signals T for any desired period. On the other hand, although this transmission of colored images requires a total frequency band which is twice that used for the transmission of black and white images of the same definition (number of image elements transmitted per second), I never- 8. theless obtain, from the point of view of width of band that is necessary, an important advantage over the three-color systems, which simultaneously transmit three monochromatic images of the televisioned object. Furthermore, these usual three-color systems call for the simultaneous use of at least two different carrier waves, which involves, at the receiving end, difliculties and complications which are avoided with the transmitter of Fig. 6.

Fig. 7 diagrammatically shows the color television receiver, according to my invention. AR is the receiving antenna, A the high frequency amplifier, Fbi and Fbs bandpass filter for respectively separating the lower side band (brightness and synchronization) and the upper side band (predominating radiation and purity). At the output of the first demodulator DMt, I obtain the synchronization signals 7 and brightness signals 1. (black and white television). At the output of the second demodulator DMT, I obtain the color signals T (predominating radiation and purity). The synchronization signals act in the usual manner on the synchronization current generator sy, which feeds the horizontal deflecting coil bh and the vertical deflecting coil by that control the cathode rays beams of the receiving oscillograph.

For the sake of clarity, in Fig. 7 the four cathode rays oscillographs with fluorescent screens On, Ob, O9, 01', corresponding respectively to white, blue, yellow and red, and also four objectives tun, wb, w], wr associated therewith, are shown above on another, Whereas I actually make use of four oscillographs juxtaposed in such manner that the fluorescent screens occupy the four quadrants of a common circle, or a quadruple cathode rays oscillograph (with four cathode ray beams placed in the same bulb and separated from one another by two partitions of nonmagnetic metal at right angles to each other).

It will be hereinafter supposed that the brightness signal t from the transmitting station has a positive polarity when the luminous flux on the mosaic of the iconoscope at the transmitting station increases; whereby an increase of the luminous flux at the transmission end produces an increase of the intensity of the cathode ray beam in the receiving oscillograph and a corresponding increase of the luminosity of the spot on the fluorescent screen.

It will be also supposed that the color signal T from the transmitting station has a positive polarity when the predominating wave length varies in the clockwise direction, starting from violet on the colorimetric diagram of Fig. 1.

The color signal T has, at any time, one of the values indicated in the third line of the table to be found hereinafter, numbers 0, 1, 2, 3 36 corresponding respectively to the portions numbered O, 1, 2, 3 36 on the graduated transparency screen e (Fig. 5).

In order automatically to deduce from electric voltage T the voltage Tb serving to control the blue, produced by cathode ray oscillograph Ob, the voltage T7 serving to control the yellow produced by cathode ray oscillograph 07', the voltage T1 serving to control the red produced by cathode ray oscillograph Or, and the voltage Tp serving to control the purity, that is to say the proportion of white produced by cathode ray oscillograph 011, I may utilize control means Cb, C9, Cr such as shown by Figs. 13, 14a and 15a of my prior U. S. patent above mentioned and a suitable cathode ray switch device, such as shown 9 .at C in Fig. 2 ofmy French patent of addition No. 49,968 of June 1, 1933.

The variations of TD, To, Tr and 'Ip, asa func- .tion of T, are given by the stepped diagrams .of

.10 .ode ray switch device (Fig. 9) including a cathode 'y and a final anode constituted by several metallic elements at connected to a common .point through resistance 12', there is interposed Fig. .8 (seealso the following table). a control grid ,u biased in such manner that the Wave length in microns 0.410 '0. 450 0. 495 0. 505 0.530

Color black or violet, indigo or blue green-blue green,

white. violet-purple.

Electric-voltage T- characterizing the color 0 -1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 Electric voltage Tb controlling the blue compo- 0 1 l 1 l 2 2 2 2 1 l 1 1 nent 1. 5 1. 5

Electric voltage '1; controlling theyellow to po- 0 o 0 o .0 o .0 o 0 1 1 1 1 fElectricevoltage T, controllingthe red component 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 '0 0 0 '0 O 0 0 v0 0 "0.5 0.9 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.9 0.7 0.3 Factor of colorimetric purity (mean value) 0 1 0 0.5 1.5 1 0 0.5 1.5 Electric voltage'T controlling the white 2 'Wave length in microns 0- 530 0. 565 0.590 0.610 0.760

Color yellow-green... Yellow Orange redlor red purmeanpurple.

Electric voltage'lcharacterizing the color 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 2'7 28 29 30 31 32 33 84 35 36 Electric voltage T controlling the blue 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 comp n n 5 5 0.-5 0.5

,Electric voltage T icontrolling-the yellow- 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 component L 5 L 5 I -1.5 1.5 Electric voltage T,controll1ng the red com- 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 vponent; 1.6 1.5

'Factor ofcolorirnetricpurity (mean value). 0'3 5 0'3 0'7 09 5 3 07 Electricvoltage'T controlling the white 1'5 1 05 i 0 1 1-5' 1. -1 0'5 0- 0 0.5 1 1.5 1 Ev1 0 5 0 The curves in dotted .lines on Fig. 8 approximately follow 'these stepped diagrams. :Curve 030D which relates to Tb is obtained 'bysubstracting-the(characteristics EF of a triode from the characteristic in the shape of an inverted bell .ABCD of the electronic tube and dry rectifiers systems shown by Fig. 15a of my above- :mentio-ned'U. S. A. patent.

'iCurve :IJK which relates to T7 is a bell shaped ourvezsuchlascan also be obtained with :a tube and rectifier arrangement shown by Fig.

15am" this priorpatent.

Curve'O-MNPQwhich relates to Tr is obtained by substracting from the"inverted"bell shaped :curve LMNPR the characteristics ST and UV :of two triodes. It is'therefore possible to obtain also the curve relatin to Tr with a'tube and rectifier :combina'tion. Finally, the stepped diagram relating to Tp .is obtained by means of a cath- .ode rayswitch device, asshown at CC .in Fig. :2 of my French patent of addition No. 49,968 of June 1, 1933.

.Instead of making .useof such control devices, .I .may make vuse of the quadruple cathode ray switch device, shown at Con Fig. 7,, which .directly supplies the voltages Tb, Ty, Tr, Tp of Fig. 8.

The working of this cathode ray switch device number of electrons passing through this grid increases when the electric voltage *6 applied to this grid increases, the space between -.cathode-ry and the final anode'behaves likea conductor, the

apparent resistance p of which decreaseswhen voltage t increases:

.po being a constant and f (t) a .function of t .By *giving resistances rz' suitable values, --itlis therefore possible toadjust 'at will thevalues of yi successively obtained (for a given value :of 5) when the cathode ray beam sweeps the various :elements m of the final anode under the effect of a magnetic deflecting field.

The cathode ray switch device C of the "color television receiver (shown on Fig. 7) in projection on a vertical plan, includes :a rectilinear -'C is basedon'the followingrremark: if' in'acathicathode-ry (which transmits electrons) a control 

